Important: #94246 - Generic sudo mode configuration 

Process in a nutshell 

All simplified classnames below are located in the namespace \TYPO3\CMS\Backend\Security\SudoMode\Access). The low-level request orchestration happens in the middleware \TYPO3\CMS\Backend\Middleware\SudoModeInterceptor , markup rendering and payload processing in controller \TYPO3\CMS\Backend\Controller\Security\SudoModeController .

1. A backend route is processed, that requires sudo mode for route URI /my/route in \TYPO3\CMS\Backend\Http\RouteDispatcher .
2. Using AccessFactory and AccessStorage, the RouteDispatcher tries to find a valid and not expired AccessGrant item for the specific RouteAccessSubject('/my/route') aspect in the current backend user session data.
3. In case no AccessGrant can be determined, a new AccessClaim is created for the specific RouteAccessSubject instance and temporarily persisted in the current user session data - the claim also contains the originally requested route as ServerRequestInstruction (a simplified representation of a ServerRequestInterface).
4. Next, the user is redirected to the user interface for providing either their own password, or the global install tool password as alternative.
5. Given, the password was correct, the AccessClaim is "converted" to an AccessGrant, which is only valid for the specific subject (URI /my/route) and for a limited lifetime.

Configuration 

In general, the configuration for a particular route or module looks like this:

<?php
// ...
'sudoMode' => [
    'group' => 'individual-group-name',
    'lifetime' => AccessLifetime::veryShort,
],

• group (optional): if given, grants access to other objects of the same group without having to verify sudo mode again for a the given lifetime. Example: Admin Tool modules Maintainance and Settings are configured with the same systemMaintainer group - having access to one (after sudo mode verification) grants access to the other automatically.
• lifetime: enum value of \TYPO3\CMS\Backend\Security\SudoMode\Access\AccessLifetime , defining the lifetime of a sudo mode verification, afterwards users have to go through the process again - cases are veryShort (5 minutes), short (10 minutes), medium (15 minutes), long (30 minutes), veryLong (60 minutes)

For backend routes declared via Configuration/Backend/Routes.php, the relevant configuration would look like this:

<?php
return [
    'my-route' => [
        'path' => '/my/route',
        'target' => MyHandler::class . '::process',
        'sudoMode' => [
            'group' => 'mySudoModeGroup',
            'lifetime' => AccessLifetime::short,
        ],
    ],
];

For backend modules declared via Configuration/Backend/Modules.php, the relevant configuration would look like this:

<?php
return [
    'tools_ExtensionmanagerExtensionmanager' => [
        // ...
        'routeOptions' => [
            'sudoMode' => [
                'group' => 'systemMaintainer',
                'lifetime' => AccessLifetime::medium,
            ],
        ],
    ],
];